In July 2010, the East African Community (EAC) took a bold step towards regional integration by launching the Common Market Protocol. This agreement aimed to allow the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people across member states. Fifteen years later, the Common Market remains one of the most ambitious economic cooperation projects on the continent. It has brought notable progress, but challenges remain in ensuring that the vision of a fully integrated East African economy becomes a reality.

The primary objective of the Common Market was to enhance trade and investment by eliminating internal barriers between member countries. It was built on the idea that a bigger, more open market would benefit everyone by encouraging competition, improving efficiency, and increasing choices for consumers. Over the years, intra-EAC trade has experienced growth, with countries such as Kenya and Uganda emerging as key players. Trade in agricultural products, manufactured goods, and services, such as finance and transportation, has increased steadily, helping businesses expand their operations beyond national borders. One of the most visible successes has been the ease of movement for East Africans. Although there are a few instances of controversy, citizens of member countries are typically allowed to travel freely across borders. In Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda, citizens are allowed to travel using only national identity cards. The introduction of the EAC e-passport has further simplified travel, supporting tourism, business, and even job-seeking across the region. Students and professionals can also take advantage of cross-border education and work opportunities, though differences in qualifications and recognition still pose difficulties.

The movement of capital has improved, with some banks and financial institutions establishing branches in multiple EAC countries; however, the challenge of fragmented regulatory provisions persists. Investors are now more open to funding projects across the region. 

Despite these gains, the full promise of the Common Market has yet to be realised. Many non-tariff barriers still exist. These include delays at border crossings, duplicate inspections, and restrictions on certain goods. While the EAC has a dedicated mechanism for resolving such issues, implementation remains uneven. Sometimes, political interests or protectionist tendencies slow down the process. Differences in national laws and regulations are another stumbling block. Each country is at a different stage of implementing the Common Market Protocol, which means that businesses and individuals often face confusion when trying to operate across borders. For example, certain professions, such as law, medicine, or engineering, continue to struggle with mutual recognition, making it difficult for skilled workers to move freely.

Infrastructure gaps also pose a major challenge. Although road, rail, and air networks have improved, connectivity remains insufficient to support seamless trade and commerce. Some landlocked countries, like Uganda and Rwanda, rely heavily on the ports of Kenya and Tanzania. When disruptions occur, the entire region feels the impact. More investment is needed in roads, railways, and digital infrastructure to support the movement of goods and services.

There have also been questions around political will and trust among partner states. At times, diplomatic tensions or policy disagreements have hindered progress. For instance, trade disputes over goods such as sugar, milk, or maize have led to temporary bans and retaliatory measures. These incidents undermine the spirit of cooperation and create uncertainty for traders and investors. On a positive note, the EAC Secretariat has continued to push for deeper integration. Initiatives like the Single Customs Territory (SCT), which simplifies customs procedures across countries, have helped reduce transport costs and border delays. Digital platforms have also been introduced to streamline trade documentation management. These steps show that progress is possible when countries commit to common goals.

Looking ahead, the EAC has a strong foundation to build on. If the Common Market is fully implemented, it could unlock even more opportunities for the region’s 300 million people. For this to happen, however, we must recommit to the spirit of regionalism. This involves investing in harmonising laws, building infrastructure, and strengthening institutions. Businesses, civil society, and citizens also have a crucial role to play in holding governments accountable and advocating for policies that promote integration. More public education is needed so that ordinary East Africans understand their rights and benefits under the Common Market.

In conclusion, the East African Common Market has made significant progress over the past 15 years. It has opened up new possibilities for trade, mobility, and investment. But much work remains to ensure that the benefits are shared widely and equitably.